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Acrobat Standard, Pro and Studio are Named User subscriptions for teams and enterprise whose built-in e-signature features do not include an Acrobat Sign entitlement, while Acrobat Sign is licensed per user (with a default of 150 Transactions per user per year) or per Transaction, sold in VIP Marketplace as a Consumable with its own discount tiers.

Organizations license Creative Cloud as teams plans under the Business Product Specific Terms or as enterprise plans under the enterprise General Terms and the Creative Cloud, Document Cloud and Substance 3D PSLT (2023v1), deployed as Named User Licensing, Shared Device Licensing or FRL; Substance 3D adds per-Site and per-User-and-Computer metrics and Frame.io is sold per User per year with storage per Terabyte.

Adobe licenses Experience Cloud products on volume metrics defined in product descriptions (Content Requests for AEM Sites, Power, Collaborator and Limited Users for AEM Assets, Form Submissions and Document Renditions for AEM Forms, Instances for AEM on-premise, Server Calls for Analytics, Page Views for Target and Person Profiles for Real-Time CDP), with quantities set in each customer's Sales Order.

Adobe allots each licensed user a plan-specific number of generative credits per month that reset monthly, do not roll over and cannot be pooled; enterprise customers on an ETLA can add Shared Credits, sold per 1,000 Operations and drawn only after individual credits run out, with overuse billed through the ETLA true-up.

Adobe licenses Term License Products and most Creative Cloud and Acrobat subscription Software as a Named User license assigned to one individual, activatable on up to two Computers at a time, with Acrobat Sign adding a Transaction consumable.

VIP and VIP Marketplace are Adobe's membership-based volume programs for Creative Cloud, Acrobat, Acrobat Sign, Stock, Substance and Firefly, built around an Anniversary Date on which all licenses co-terminate, with discount levels from 10 licenses, a 3-year commit with a Minimum Commitment of at least 10 licenses, and automatic renewal in VIP Marketplace.

Anthropic sells Claude Team as Standard and Premium seats, Claude Enterprise as a seat fee plus usage at API rates, individual Pro and Max subscriptions, and the Claude API priced per million base input, cache-write, cache-hit and output tokens, also available through Amazon Bedrock, Google Cloud and marketplace-billed platforms.

Atlassian licenses Jira, Confluence, Bitbucket, Jira Service Management and related products to named users rather than concurrent users, billing Cloud monthly by maximum quantity and selling Cloud annual and Data Center subscriptions in user tiers, with product-specific paid units alongside.

Atlassian sells its cloud apps in Free, Standard, Premium and Enterprise plans, billing monthly subscriptions on a progressive per-user price with maximum quantity billing and annual subscriptions on fixed user tiers, with usage meters such as Rovo credits layered on top.

Atlassian Data Center products are annual, user-tiered self-managed subscriptions whose sale to new customers ended on 30 March 2026 and which reach end of life on 28 March 2029, with list prices last raised on 17 February 2026 and Bitbucket continuing under a Hybrid License.

Atlassian Guard is an organization-wide cloud security subscription billed once per unique user across supported apps, with Guard Standard included in Enterprise plans and Premium collections, non-billable authentication policies, and Guard Premium sold as an add-on billed on access to Jira or Confluence.

Atlassian Marketplace apps are licensed at a user tier that must match or exceed the host product, per subscription in the cloud and per environment on Data Center, under the Marketplace Terms of Use and each vendor's own terms, with multi-instance billing for Cloud Enterprise and a Data Center app wind-down ending on 30 March 2028.

Eligibility, permitted use and counting rules for Autodesk Education Offerings (Education Single User, Educational Network, Educational Multi-seat Stand-alone), plus the Fusion for startups and Technology Impact Program offers, as published by Autodesk in 2026.

How Autodesk token-based licensing is metered: the public Flex Rate Sheet with per-day, per-result and zero rates, Autodesk Platform Services token prices, and the Enterprise Business Agreement documents (Cloud Services Catalog, Additional Terms, Usage Data Table) that govern Token Flex.

Autodesk Industry Collections bundle two or more products into one Single User subscription; this article lists the published contents of the AEC, PD&M and M&E Collections, the device rule that governs concurrent use of their titles, and how collections relate to retired suites, Flex, previous versions and donation programmes.

The Autodesk Previous Version Right (generally three prior releases), the Virtualization benefit and Virtualization List, the Multi User Home Use Copy, and Single User and Multi User global use rights, as set out in the Terms of Use last updated 17 September 2026.

Autodesk sells current commercial subscriptions as Single User seats tied to a unique Autodesk ID, prepaid Flex Tokens consumed at daily rates, enterprise Token Flex under an EBA, and Capacity-based Offerings, with 1-year Multi User subscriptions retired in 2023.

History and rules of Autodesk's retirement of multi-user (network) subscriptions, maintenance plans and suites in favour of named-user subscriptions, including the two-for-one trade-in, the conflicting published dates, and the 2026 M2S/TNU Exit renewal offer.

Broadcom licenses its CA-heritage mainframe software by MIPS, MSU capacity or CPU under product Specific Program Documentation, offers Mainframe Consumption Licensing based on total hourly z/OS MSUs consumed with monthly ISV SCRT reporting and an annual true-up, and sells Portfolio License Agreements giving capped access to whole software segments.

Community-sourced catalog of about 185 certifications and courses relevant to IT asset management, software licensing, FinOps, cloud, security and process, grouped into ten categories with provider, duration, difficulty and cost band.

Cisco Catalyst switches pair a perpetual Network Stack license with a mandatory 3, 5 or 7 year Cisco DNA or Catalyst subscription in Essentials or Advantage tiers, while the newer Cisco Networking Subscription sells unified Switching, Wireless and WAN licenses with a 36 month minimum term.

Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense is licensed per managed device, with a base Essentials license plus term IPS, Malware Defense, URL and Carrier feature licenses, and virtual firewalls add performance tiers; Duo is licensed per user in Free, Essentials, Advantage and Premier editions.

Cisco Smart Licensing pools entitlements in a Smart Account divided into Virtual Accounts, and Smart Licensing Using Policy replaces registration and evaluation mode with policy-driven usage reports; neither is a purchase meter, but both determine where licenses can be consumed and how usage reaches Cisco.

Cisco sells term software and cloud services under meters named in its Offer Descriptions and Portfolio Features, such as Device, Endpoint Session, Deployed Knowledge Worker, Covered User and Unique Users, while Smart Licensing is an activation mechanism rather than a purchase meter.

Cloud Software Group licenses Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops on premises by User/device or Concurrent, while current packages such as Universal Hybrid Multi-Cloud and Citrix Platform use a User unit type and Platform Flex is restricted by Flex Credits.

Cloud BYOL describes where already-owned vendor license entitlements such as Processor, Core, PVU or Named User may run on named public clouds and how each vendor says to count them there, without adding new license metrics.

Concurrent licensing counts the peak number of users, sessions or endpoints using software at the same time; device licensing counts the machines that run or access it; Microsoft CALs, Citrix user/device and SAP Digital Access documents show how vendors mix and extend these models.

Dassault Systèmes licenses SOLIDWORKS as Single User (Standalone) or SolidNetWork (SNL) floating seats, CATIA V5 as Concurrent or Machine Based licenses, and 3DEXPERIENCE as Named User, Casual Named User, Concurrent, Token and Credit Based rights, each sold under PLC/ALC, YLC, QLC or TBL pricing structures.

Docker Desktop is free only for personal use, education, non-commercial open source and commercial undertakings with fewer than 250 employees and less than US $10 million in annual revenue; every other commercial or government use needs a paid Docker Pro, Team or Business subscription billed per user.

Dynamics 365 applications are sold as subscriptions per user, per device or per tenant; a full user needs one Base license (the highest priced application) plus discounted Attach licenses for further applications, while Team Members, Operations - Activity, device and Order Lines licenses cover lighter or indirect use.

An effective license position (ELP) is a reconciliation, per product and per license metric, of the software entitlements an organization holds against what it has deployed or used, showing a surplus or shortfall under the vendor's counting rules.

Elastic distributes Elasticsearch and Kibana under the Elastic License 2.0, offers their source code under a choice of ELv2, SSPL 1.0 or AGPLv3, licenses self-managed Enterprise subscriptions per Resource Unit (64 GB of addressable RAM) and legacy Platinum per Billable Node, and meters Elastic Cloud by resource consumption.

Illustrative end-user license agreement template with placeholders, covering definitions, grant of license, restrictions, warranties, limitation of liability, governing law and acceptance.

Esri licenses ArcGIS mainly through named-user user types (Viewer to Professional Plus), ArcGIS Enterprise by server cores, ArcGIS Online consumption by credits, and organization-wide use through Enterprise Agreements, under the Master Agreement (E204) and Product-Specific Terms (E300).

Generative AI is licensed through four overlapping models: per-seat assistant subscriptions and add-ons, consumption metered in input and output tokens or vendor credits, committed capacity such as provisioned throughput, and open-weight model licences ranging from Apache 2.0 to community and research licences with user, revenue or use conditions.

GitHub licenses Copilot per user: personal plans per calendar month and Copilot Business or Enterprise per granted seat, with every plan carrying a monthly allowance of GitHub AI Credits (1 AI credit = $0.01 USD) that meters chat, agent and CLI usage by model and tokens.

Google meters the Gemini API and Gemini on Agent Platform (formerly Vertex AI) per 1 million input and output tokens, with free and paid tiers that differ in data use, optional Provisioned Throughput bought in GSUs, and seat-based Gemini Enterprise and Gemini Code Assist subscriptions.

Google licenses Google Workspace per user under a Flexible Plan (monthly, daily usage) or an Annual/Fixed-Term Plan (committed licenses reducible only at renewal), and on Google Cloud supports dedicated-hardware BYOL through sole-tenant nodes billed per node.

A ten-module training outline for hardware asset management covering the asset life cycle, policy and governance, inventory accuracy, procurement, maintenance, security, disposal, reporting and tooling.

Operating model for the LICENSEWARE Wiki that defines how catalog rows and encyclopedia pages relate, which sources count as catalog facts, and the order of coverage work.

IBM Cloud Paks are bundles of IBM programs licensed by a single pool of Virtual Processor Cores, which each bundled program consumes at a ratio set in the Cloud Pak License Information, with full licenses that include restricted Red Hat OpenShift capacity and reserved licenses that do not.

IBM Db2 12.1 for Linux, UNIX and Windows is sold in Community, Starter, Standard and Advanced editions, and from 12.1.4 in Db2 AI editions, differentiated by capacity limits and features and licensed by Virtual Processor Core, with Authorized User available for non-production use.

IBM Passport Advantage is IBM's volume-licensing program, under which programs are measured by the unit named in each program's License Information, such as PVU, VPC, RVU, UVU, Authorized User or Concurrent User.

IBM Passport Advantage is IBM's enrollment program for buying software licenses, Subscription and Support, cloud services and appliances, organized around enrolled sites, a single annual anniversary date and point-based Relationship Suggested Volume Pricing, with terms now carried in the Client Relationship Agreement.

The IBM Processor Value Unit tables assign a PVU rating to each processor core by vendor, brand, type, model and maximum socket count, and are the basis for counting PVU entitlements on servers.

IBM sub-capacity licensing lets core-based programs be licensed for the virtual capacity available to them rather than the whole server, on condition that deployments run on eligible technologies and are measured and reported with the IBM License Metric Tool or an approved alternative.

Eight-step roadmap for adopting ISO/IEC 19770-2:2015 software identification (SWID) tags in a software asset management practice.

Eight-step roadmap for representing software license entitlements in the standardized, machine-readable format of ISO/IEC 19770-3:2016 and reconciling them with discovered software.

Informatica sells Intelligent Data Management Cloud by the Informatica Processing Unit (IPU), consumed per service at published rates for Compute Units, Rows Processed, Data Volume and API Calls, while on-premises Software such as PowerCenter is licensed or subscribed per CPU-core within an Environment under the Cloud and Product Description Schedule.

ISO/IEC 19770 is a family of international standards, developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7, for IT asset management, comprising a management system standard (Part 1), data standards for software and hardware identification, entitlements and resource utilization, a vocabulary, and guidance on mapping, implementation and certification.

Introductory learning page on the ISO/IEC 19770 family of IT asset management standards, describing Parts 1, 2 and 3 and indexing three implementation modules.

Ten-step roadmap for taking an organization from ad-hoc asset management to an audit-ready ITAM system that can be certified against ISO/IEC 19770-1:2017.

IT asset management (ITAM) is the discipline of managing, controlling and protecting an organization's IT assets, including hardware, software, cloud and SaaS services, throughout their life cycle; software asset management is its software-focused part.

Illustrative Notion database template for a simple IT inventory of hardware, accessories and software licenses, with its properties, saved views and fictional sample records.

ITAM Handbook chapter on server and CPU architecture, clustering, high availability, infrastructure monitoring and how these configurations affect software licensing.

ITAM Handbook chapter on enterprise software architecture, common business systems, industry-specific on-premise systems and legacy systems.

Introduction to the ITAM Handbook, a course on managing enterprise IT infrastructure and software licenses, with a list of its chapters.

ITAM Handbook chapter on IT service management processes, IT operations in large enterprises and the role of IT asset management.

ITAM Handbook chapter on the data points ITAM collects, the business processes that use them, typical ITAM reports and the data vendors look at in license audits.

ITAM Handbook chapter introducing user-based, device-based, processor-based and cloud license metrics with vendor examples.

ITAM Handbook chapter on common software contract terms, example licensing agreements, maintenance and support programs, and centralised versus decentralised procurement.

ITAM Handbook chapter with step-by-step counting outlines for Oracle processor licenses and Microsoft SQL Server and Windows Server core licenses, plus pointers to vendor licensing documents.

ITAM Handbook section explaining partitioning versus virtualisation and describing HP-UX nPar/vPar, IBM LPAR, Hyper-V, Nutanix, Oracle Solaris LDOMs and Zones, Oracle VM and VMware.

JetBrains licenses its IDEs and the All Products Pack as monthly or yearly per-user subscriptions, split into commercial licenses owned by an organization and personal licenses bought by individuals with their own funds, with a perpetual fallback license after 12 months of uninterrupted payment and free non-commercial, educational and open-source options.

Jira Service Management is licensed per agent: agents and service space administrators are paid users, customers who raise requests are unlicensed and unlimited, collaborators use Jira licences, and in the cloud the app is sold inside Service Collection with metered Assets objects, automation steps, Rovo credits, assisted conversations and AI agent resolutions.

Hub for the wiki's learning resources: SAM and HAM training courses, the ITAM Handbook, a licensing glossary and models chapter, ISO/IEC 19770 implementation guides, templates and a certification catalog.

License compliance is the state, and the set of practices, by which an organization's use and distribution of software stays within the terms of the licenses it holds, covering both commercial use rights and open source license obligations.

Meta distributes Llama models under versioned, royalty-free community license agreements that require a separate license from Meta above 700 million monthly active users, impose attribution and model-naming rules on redistribution, and incorporate an Acceptable Use Policy.

Microsoft licenses Microsoft 365 and other Online Services primarily through a User SL assigned to one Licensed User or a Device SL on a Licensed Device, with suite names being editions of that User SL rather than separate meters.

Microsoft 365 Copilot is a per-user add-on (User SL) that requires a listed prerequisite Microsoft 365 or Office 365 license, while Copilot Chat agents, SharePoint agents and Copilot Studio agents are metered in Copilot Credits bought as 25,000-credit capacity packs, pay-as-you-go through Azure, or a one-year pre-purchase plan.

Microsoft's Product Terms split hosters into Listed Providers (Alibaba, Amazon, Google and Microsoft) and Authorized Outsourcers; since 1 October 2019 licenses without Software Assurance or mobility rights cannot be deployed on Listed Provider dedicated hosts, so bring-your-own-license on AWS or Google Cloud depends mainly on License Mobility through Software Assurance, for example for SQL Server.

Large organizations buy Microsoft software through the three-year Enterprise Agreement (with annual True-up and pre-agreed pricing), the non-expiring Microsoft Customer Agreement sold directly or through partners, or Cloud Solution Provider partners on the new commerce platform, where prices are fixed for the term and cancellations are limited to seven days.

Mistral AI releases model weights under Apache 2.0, a modified MIT license with a USD 20M monthly revenue condition, or its own Research and Non-Production licenses, and sells hosted access per million tokens through its API and per user through Vibe (formerly Le Chat) plans.

MongoDB Community Server is licensed under the Server Side Public License (SSPL) for releases from 2018-10-16, self-managed Enterprise Advanced is sold per Server (a VM or container sized by RAM on the Order Form), and MongoDB Atlas is billed by the hour or against prepaid and committed credits.

Training chapter introducing the history of software licensing and seventeen common license models, from perpetual and subscription to site, role, evaluation and free licenses, each with advantages, drawbacks and vendor examples.

MuleSoft Anypoint is licensed by capacity (CloudHub vCores and self-hosted Cores), by usage under usage-based pricing packages (Mule flows, Mule messages and data throughput), and by credits (Automation Credits and Mule Credits), with API instances, governed APIs and gateway calls counted against plan entitlements.

Named user licensing counts each individual authorized to use software, whether or not that person is using it at a given moment, with vendor-specific rules for devices, indirect access through multiplexing, reassignment and per-processor minimums.

Nutanix sells Nutanix Cloud Platform software as term licenses, 6 to 60 months, that move between hardware platforms and public clouds. NCI, NCM and NDB are licensed per physical CPU core covering the full cluster, NUS per usable TiB, NCI-Edge per powered-on VM and NCI-VDI per concurrent user. Legacy node-based licenses convert to cores by the core-to-node ratio.

OpenAI sells ChatGPT Business as Standard and Premium seats with optional credits, ChatGPT Enterprise and Edu under credit-based or token-based agreements, individual Plus and Pro subscriptions, and the OpenAI API priced per 1M input, cached input, cache-write and output tokens.

OpenText licenses software perpetually by default under one EULA, with the metric set per product by the License Model Schedule (Named, Occasional, Concurrent and Anonymous User, Server, CPU, Program Instance) or, for former Micro Focus products, by Additional License Authorizations (Named / Concurrent / Seat User, Site / Area / Global, Virtual User).

Oracle Cloud Infrastructure services are bought through Annual or Monthly Universal Credits, Pay as You Go or a Funded Allocation, and BYOL service versions convert supported on-premises Oracle licenses into OCPUs or ECPUs at published ratios.

On-premises Oracle Database licensing by edition, covering Processor and Named User Plus metrics, NUP floors, SE2 caps, partitioning, and Authorized Cloud Environment rules.

Oracle Database Enterprise Edition options and management packs are separately priced add-ons whose licenses must match the associated database by metric and quantity, with feature-level rules for Active Data Guard, Multitenant, Diagnostics and Tuning Packs, and restricted-use exceptions.

Oracle Java SE Universal Subscription is a term subscription licensed per Employee, with a 50,000 Processor install cap and separate no-fee Oracle JDK download licenses.

The Oracle Partitioning Policy is an educational Oracle document that classifies virtualization technologies as soft partitioning, approved hard partitioning or Oracle Trusted Partitions, and sets when a sub-capacity of physical cores may be licensed, including rules for Capacity on Demand, containers and Kubernetes.

Oracle software technical support is sold per license set at matching service levels under the Lifetime Support Policy (Premier, Extended and Sustaining Support), with rules on repricing after terminations, 150% reinstatement fees and annual renewal adjustments.

Oracle ULA and PULA are commercial program overlays rather than license metrics, and the ACE policy excludes ULA licenses used in Authorized Cloud Environments from end-of-term certification.

Oracle VM VirtualBox is licensed as a GPL base package, a PUEL-licensed Extension Pack, and a commercial Enterprise Program sold by Named Workstation User or Socket.

Oracle WebLogic Server is licensed on premises by Processor or Named User Plus across Standard Edition, Enterprise Edition, and WebLogic Suite, with a 10 NUP per Processor minimum.

Power Platform is licensed through per-user subscriptions (Power Apps Premium, Power Automate Premium), per-bot or per-flow capacity licenses (Power Automate Process, Hosted Process, per flow), tenant capacity add-ons, and pay-as-you-go meters billed to an Azure subscription, such as the Power Apps per app meter.

Processor and core licensing measures entitlement by the hardware capacity on which software is installed or runs, counted per processor, per core, per socket or in weighted capacity units such as IBM PVUs, with vendor-specific core factors and minimums.

PTC licenses Creo and Mathcad mainly per Concurrent User (FlexNet floating) and Windchill per Registered User or Active Daily User, under the PTC Customer Agreement and product Licensing Basis documents, with new licenses sold by subscription.

Qlik licenses Qlik Cloud Analytics by Data for Analysis capacity (Users for Starter), Qlik Sense Enterprise SaaS and client-managed Qlik Sense by Professional and Analyzer Users or metered Analyzer Capacity minutes, with legacy Token and core-based options.

Quest Software licenses each product by a License Type defined in its Product Guide: Seat for Toad desktops, Core, Factored Core, CPU Socket or vCPU for servers, Single Source and/or Target for SharePlex and Managed Physical CPU or monitored instances for Foglight, under a perpetual-by-default Software Transaction Agreement with annual Maintenance.

Red Hat sells Ansible Automation Platform and Red Hat Satellite per Managed Node, counting every node managed directly or indirectly during the subscription term, with no recycling of counts and separate SKUs for developer, operating-system and out-of-band use.

On public clouds, Red Hat customers either deploy existing Eligible Subscriptions under Cloud Access, keeping their Appendix 1 Units and paying the cloud provider separately, or buy pay-as-you-go On-Demand offerings that Red Hat meters in vCPU hours or core hours and bills monthly through the marketplace.

Red Hat subscriptions are governed by the Enterprise Agreement General Terms, Product Appendices and Order Forms, which require every deployed Unit to be subscribed, auto-renew terms, allow Red Hat to verify compliance for a year after the agreement ends, set a 45-day true-up in practice, and attach Self-support, Standard or Premium service levels to each subscription.

Red Hat sells Subscription Services against counted Units defined in Product Appendix 1, with RHEL Server purchased per Socket-pair for each Physical Node or 2 Virtual Nodes and self-managed OpenShift compute purchased per Core-pair.

Red Hat sells Red Hat Enterprise Linux as a family of variants that share Appendix 1 Units such as Socket-pair, Virtual Node and System but differ in Supported Use Case, support level, stacking, add-on eligibility and whether they may be used for production, with separate no-cost developer offerings and lifecycle add-ons.

Self-managed OpenShift is sold in four editions per Core-pair or Bare Metal Node, with control plane and qualifying infrastructure nodes excluded from the count, compact and single-node clusters fully counted, and separate rules for OpenShift Virtualization Engine, IBM Z, AI Accelerators and Platform Plus components.

Illustrative request for proposal template for the provision, implementation and support of a software asset management (SAM) tool, with scope, integration, implementation, proposal requirements, evaluation weights and an indicative timeline.

RISE with SAP and GROW with SAP are subscription bundles for SAP's private and public cloud ERP, counted in Full Usage Equivalents that customers allocate across developer, advanced, core and self-service use types, with bundled cloud services sized by FUE tier and on-premise rights tied to support-fee conversion.

Data 360 is metered in credits consumed per million rows, megabytes or events at a multiplier for each usage type, paid either in Data Services Credits (a fixed Production and Sandbox rate card) or in Flex Credits (monthly volume tiers per usage type), with no rollover past the Order End Date.

Salesforce sells Purchased Services as contractual User subscriptions with exactly one Setup user license per user, optional Permission Set License overlays, login-based daily unique logins, and consumption metrics such as Flex Credits, Einstein Requests and Conversations.

SAP BusinessObjects BI is licensed per Deployment on either named Users or Concurrent Sessions, with one edition per Deployment, a 10-session cap per User, tool restrictions on Concurrent Session licences, unlimited non-productive installations, and fixed user and session caps on the Edge editions.

SAP licenses the HANA database either as a full-use enterprise edition measured in gigabytes of memory or as runtime editions (REAB, REAB-Partial, Runtime for BW, Limited Runtime) whose fee follows HANA SAP Application Value and whose use is confined to the SAP software they support.

On-premise SAP software requires both a Named User License and a Package License under the Software Use Rights enGLOBAL.v.4-2026, while SAP S/4HANA Digital Access licenses indirect and non-human use by Documents created annually.

On-premise SAP software needs a Package License counted on a business metric defined in Exhibit 2 of the Software Use Rights, such as Revenues, Employees, Gigabytes of Memory, SAP Application Value, Managed Systems or Flat Fee, and use of each Package may never exceed its Licensed Level.

Existing SAP ERP customers can move to SAP S/4HANA through a line-item product conversion, a wholesale contract conversion onto new S/4HANA Software Use Rights, or a conversion of on-premise support fees into cloud subscriptions, with dual use rights until the transition completes and hybrid rights tied to converting at least half the support fee.

ServiceNow counts every table a customer creates that ServiceNow does not provide as a custom table that must be mapped to a subscription with custom table entitlements; App Engine packages supply those entitlements (unlimited at Prime), while App Engine Studio and Creator Studio need their own subscriptions.

ServiceNow ITOM products are billed in Subscription Units: each product counts the configuration items it manages, assigns them to CI categories, averages 90 daily counts and divides by a contractual CI-per-unit ratio, with bundle subscriptions consumed before a la carte ones.

ServiceNow licenses Now Assist (ServiceNow Otto) generative AI through account-level assist entitlements consumed per skill action at a skill-specific assist ratio, per-user Creator Plus subscriptions counted once across instances, and product tiers that decide whether custom skills and agents may be built.

ServiceNow packages its workflow products in three tiers, Foundation, Advanced and Prime, that add AI capabilities cumulatively; some current documents still use the older Professional (Pro), Enterprise, Pro Plus and Enterprise Plus names, and ServiceNow publishes no mapping between the two schemes.

ServiceNow sells Now Platform subscriptions measured by Per-User meters (Fulfiller, Business Stakeholder and Creator User), instance-wide Unrestricted User, Capacity meters such as Subscription Units, Devices and Transactions, and unmeasured Unlimited and Display Only types.

ServiceNow measures per-user subscriptions through roles: fulfiller roles consume Fulfiller User entitlements, the business_stakeholder role consumes Business Stakeholder User entitlements, approver_user carries a fee, and requesters who hold no measured role are not a published meter at all.

Siemens Digital Industries Software licenses its PLM software as Floating, Named User or Node-Locked seats, sold as Subscription, Rental or Perpetual licenses under the Universal Customer Agreement, with Tokens, Value Based Licenses, License Units, Cores and Credits as add-on metrics.

Paid Slack plans bill active members rather than provisioned seats. Under the Fair Billing Policy a member unused for over 28 days is credited pro rata, Multi-Channel Guests are paid, Single-Channel Guests are free up to five per paid member, and invoiced plans are reconciled quarterly.

Snowflake meters compute in Platform Credits consumed per second by warehouse size, serverless features in Compute-Hours times a feature multiplier, AI features in AI Credits and storage in average terabytes per month, priced by edition, cloud region and On Demand or Capacity purchase.

Software asset management (SAM) is the discipline of managing software and the rights to use it through their life cycle, reconciling what an organization has deployed and uses against what it is entitled to, in order to control cost, contractual risk and security exposure.

A nine-module training outline for software asset management covering definitions, frameworks, the software life cycle, license compliance, tooling, governance, KPIs, maturity and common pitfalls, with tables and exercises.

A software entitlement is the right to use software that a customer has acquired, described by product, edition, license metric, quantity, term and use rights, and evidenced by contract and ordering documents; ISO/IEC 19770-3 defines a standard format for recording it.

A software license is a grant of permission by the rights holder to use software in ways that copyright would otherwise reserve, defining who may use it, how much, for how long and on what conditions; it underlies both proprietary and free and open-source distribution.

Illustrative business-to-business software license agreement template with placeholders, covering grant, restrictions, delivery, updates and support, IP, confidentiality, termination, warranties, governing law and execution.

A software license audit is a licensor's contractual verification of whether a customer's use of software matches its license rights, typically carried out under an audit or verification clause through notice, data collection, findings and remediation.

Software licensing models are the families of license metrics by which publishers measure and charge for software use, including processor, core and capacity units, named and concurrent users, devices, site and enterprise counts, subscriptions and consumption credits, feature-based licensing and OEM licenses.

Training glossary of general software licensing and SAM terms and of common license metrics, each with the vendors or bodies it is associated with and a short definition.

Software maintenance and support is a recurring contract, separate from or bundled with a license, that gives the customer updates, rights to new versions and technical assistance for a period, subject to vendor policies on coverage, lapse and reinstatement.

Illustrative Notion template for tracking software contract renewals: database properties, supporting databases, views, reminders and integrations, plus usage guidance, best practices and troubleshooting.

Splunk Enterprise is licensed either by Daily Indexing Volume or by vCPU, Splunk Cloud Platform by Daily Indexing Volume or Splunk Virtual Compute (SVC), and the security and observability products each have their own capacity unit; volume licenses below 100 GB a day can have search disabled after repeated overages.

SQL Server 2025 is licensed under the Microsoft Product Terms either Per Core, with a minimum of four core licenses per physical processor or virtual OSE, or Server/CAL, with one Server License per instance plus CALs.

Subscription licensing grants use rights for a defined term, usually per user or per capacity unit, while consumption licensing meters use in credits, tokens or other units drawn down from a prepaid or committed balance, such as Oracle Universal Credits, Autodesk Flex Tokens and Salesforce Flex Credits.

SUSE sells time-bound Subscriptions counted in Units of Measure set by its Product Appendices: SLES per 1-2 Sockets or 1-2 Virtual Machines, per 1-2 Sockets with Unlimited Virtual Machines, per IFL or per group of Arm Cores, and SUSE Rancher Prime per Cores and vCPUs or Sockets and Cores.

Broadcom licenses Symantec Endpoint Security per managed device, Symantec Network Protection per User (people plus every 8 GB of traffic, up to four devices each), PGP encryption per Device, Server or User, and Carbon Black per Endpoint, and offers Portfolio License Agreements measured in Software Consumption Units.

Tableau is licensed per user by role (Creator, Explorer, Viewer, with Display for shared screens), or on Tableau Server per core, with each user consuming one license set by the highest site role and editions that cannot be mixed within a deployment.

A true-up is a periodic reconciliation under an enterprise software agreement in which the customer reports and pays for growth in licensed use since the last reconciliation, at pre-agreed terms; a true-forward bills such growth prospectively for the rest of the term.

Veeam licenses Veeam Data Platform on the Veeam Universal License (VUL), a portable License Instance consumed per protected workload (one per VM, server or cloud VM, three workstations, 500 GB of unstructured data or 10 Entra ID users), alongside legacy per-CPU Socket licenses, per-TB Capacity Packs, per-User offerings and VCSP rental points.

Virtualization and partitioning rules decide whether a license count follows the whole physical host or only the virtual capacity assigned to the software, covering Oracle hard and soft partitioning, IBM sub-capacity with ILMT, Microsoft Virtual OSE and License Mobility, Red Hat virtual nodes, Broadcom core counting and container licensing.

Visual Studio subscriptions are licensed per user under the Developer Tools license model: each licensed user may run subscriber software on any number of devices to design, develop, test and demonstrate programs, but not in a Production Environment, with a monthly Azure credit restricted to dev/test.

Broadcom licenses VCF add-ons on their own metrics. vDefend Firewall is sold per Core with deployment-specific purchase ratios, Avi Load Balancer per Service Unit with a five-unit bare-metal floor per Processor, and VMware Live Recovery per protected VM plus protected TiB for Live Cyber Recovery.

The VMware Cloud Service Provider (VCSP) Program licenses VMware Cloud Foundation to service providers on commit contracts measured in core usage per hour by the mandatory VCF usage meter, with subscription-only license keys and a 125% key generation cap since July 7, 2025.

After the December 11, 2023 announcement, Broadcom stopped selling VMware perpetual licenses and Support and Subscription renewals for perpetual offerings; existing perpetual licenses keep working after SnS expiry, but patches, support and upgrades require active SnS, and legacy perpetual upgrades are capped at vSphere and vSAN 8.x and VCF 5.x.

Broadcom licenses VMware vSphere, VMware Cloud Foundation and VMware vSphere Foundation as subscription software per Core with a minimum of 16 Core licenses per Processor, the vSAN add-on per TiB of raw claimed storage, and VCF Edge per Core with an 8-Core-per-Processor floor.

Windows Server 2025 Standard and Datacenter are licensed Per Core/CAL, with at least 8 core licenses per physical processor and 16 per server, plus CALs or External Connectors for access, while Essentials uses a separate OEM server license.

Workday sells multi-year SaaS subscriptions priced by employees, users and other size metrics that cannot be reduced during the Order Term, with Flex Credits and API Request entitlements metering agents and integrations on top.